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<section xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0" xml:id="Spatial_Relationships">
    <title>Spatial Relationships</title><info>
    <abstract>
    <para>These functions determine spatial relationships between geometries.</para>
    </abstract>
    </info>


    <section>
    <title>Topological Relationships</title>

  <refentry xml:id="ST_3DIntersects">
    <refnamediv>
      <refname>ST_3DIntersects</refname>

      <refpurpose>Tests if two geometries spatially
      intersect in 3D - only for points, linestrings, polygons, polyhedral surface (area)
      </refpurpose>
    </refnamediv>
    <refsynopsisdiv>
      <funcsynopsis>
        <funcprototype>
          <funcdef>boolean <function>ST_3DIntersects</function></funcdef>
          <paramdef>
            <type>geometry</type>
            <parameter>geomA</parameter>
          </paramdef>
          <paramdef>
            <type>geometry</type>
            <parameter>geomB</parameter>
          </paramdef>
        </funcprototype>
      </funcsynopsis>
    </refsynopsisdiv>
    <refsection>
      <title>Description</title>
      <para>Overlaps, Touches, Within all imply spatial intersection.  If any of the aforementioned
        returns true, then the geometries also spatially intersect.
        Disjoint implies false for spatial intersection.</para>

      <note><para>&index_aware;</para></note>
      <note><para>Because of floating robustness failures, geometries don't always intersect as you'd expect them to after geometric processing. For example the closest point on a linestring to a geometry may not lie on the linestring. For these kind of issues where a distance of a centimeter you want to just consider as intersecting, use <xref linkend="ST_3DDWithin"/>.</para></note>

      <para role="changed" conformance="3.0.0">Changed: 3.0.0 SFCGAL backend removed, GEOS backend supports TINs.</para>
      <para role="availability" conformance="2.0.0">Availability: 2.0.0</para>

      <para>&Z_support;</para>
      <!-- Optionally mention supports Polyhedral Surface  -->
      <para>&P_support;</para>
      <para>&T_support;</para>
      <para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM IEC 13249-3: 5.1</para>
    </refsection>
    <refsection>
    <title>Geometry Examples</title>
<programlisting>SELECT ST_3DIntersects(pt, line), ST_Intersects(pt, line)
  FROM (SELECT 'POINT(0 0 2)'::geometry As pt, 'LINESTRING (0 0 1, 0 2 3)'::geometry As line) As foo;
 st_3dintersects | st_intersects
-----------------+---------------
 f               | t
(1 row)
    </programlisting>
    </refsection>

    <refsection><title>TIN Examples</title>
        <programlisting>SELECT ST_3DIntersects('TIN(((0 0 0,1 0 0,0 1 0,0 0 0)))'::geometry, 'POINT(.1 .1 0)'::geometry);
 st_3dintersects
-----------------
 t</programlisting></refsection>

    <refsection>
      <title>See Also</title>
      <para><xref linkend="ST_3DDWithin"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Intersects"/></para>
    </refsection>
  </refentry>

  <refentry xml:id="ST_Contains">
    <refnamediv>
    <refname>ST_Contains</refname>

    <refpurpose>Tests if every point of B lies in A, and their interiors have a point in common</refpurpose>
    </refnamediv>

    <refsynopsisdiv>
    <funcsynopsis>
      <funcprototype>
      <funcdef>boolean <function>ST_Contains</function></funcdef>

      <paramdef><type>geometry </type>
      <parameter>geomA</parameter></paramdef>

      <paramdef><type>geometry </type>
      <parameter>geomB</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
    </funcsynopsis>
    </refsynopsisdiv>

    <refsection>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para>Returns TRUE if geometry A contains geometry B.
    A contains B if and only if all points of B lie inside (i.e. in the interior or boundary of) A
    (or equivalently, no points of B lie in the exterior of A),
    and the interiors of A and B have at least one point in common.
    </para>

    <para>In mathematical terms:
    <emphasis>ST_Contains(A, B) ⇔ (A ⋂ B = B) ∧ (Int(A) ⋂ Int(B) ≠ ∅) </emphasis></para>

    <para>The contains relationship is reflexive: every geometry contains itself.
    (In contrast, in the <xref linkend="ST_ContainsProperly"/>
    predicate a geometry does <emphasis>not</emphasis> properly contain itself.)
    The relationship is antisymmetric: if <code>ST_Contains(A,B) = true</code> and <code>ST_Contains(B,A) = true</code>, then
    the two geometries must be topologically equal (<code>ST_Equals(A,B) = true</code>).
    </para>

    <para>ST_Contains is the converse of <xref linkend="ST_Within"/>.
    So, <code>ST_Contains(A,B) = ST_Within(B,A)</code>.</para>

    <note><para>Because the interiors must have a common point, a subtlety of the definition is that
    polygons and lines do <emphasis>not</emphasis> contain lines and points lying fully in their boundary.
    For further details see <link xlink:href="http://lin-ear-th-inking.blogspot.com/2007/06/subtleties-of-ogc-covers-spatial.html">Subtleties of OGC Covers, Contains, Within</link>.
    The <xref linkend="ST_Covers"/> predicate provides a more inclusive relationship.
    </para></note>

    <note><para>&index_aware;
    To avoid index use, use the function <function>_ST_Contains</function>.</para></note>

    <para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
    <para role="enhanced" conformance="2.3.0">Enhanced: 2.3.0 Enhancement to PIP short-circuit extended to support MultiPoints with few points. Prior versions only supported point in polygon.</para>

    <important>
      <para role="enhanced" conformance="3.0.0">Enhanced: 3.0.0 enabled support for <varname>GEOMETRYCOLLECTION</varname></para>
    </important>

    <important>
      <para>Do not use this function with invalid geometries. You will get unexpected results.</para>
    </important>

    <para>NOTE: this is the "allowable" version that returns a
      boolean, not an integer.</para>

    <para>&sfs_compliant; s2.1.1.2 // s2.1.13.3
    - same as within(geometry B, geometry A)</para>
    <para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 5.1.31</para>

    </refsection>

    <refsection>
    <title>Examples</title>

    <para><function>ST_Contains</function> returns <varname>TRUE</varname> in the following situations:</para>

    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
      <tbody>
        <row>
        <entry><para><informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_contains01.png"/>
            </imageobject>

            <caption><para><varname>LINESTRING</varname> / <varname>MULTIPOINT</varname></para></caption>
          </mediaobject>
          </informalfigure></para></entry>

        <entry><para><informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_contains02.png"/>
            </imageobject>

            <caption><para><varname>POLYGON</varname> / <varname>POINT</varname></para></caption>
          </mediaobject>
          </informalfigure></para></entry>
        </row>
        <row>
        <entry><para><informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_contains03.png"/>
            </imageobject>

            <caption><para><varname>POLYGON</varname> / <varname>LINESTRING</varname></para></caption>
          </mediaobject>
          </informalfigure></para></entry>

        <entry><para><informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_contains04.png"/>
            </imageobject>

            <caption><para><varname>POLYGON</varname> / <varname>POLYGON</varname></para></caption>
          </mediaobject>
          </informalfigure></para></entry>
        </row>
      </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>

    <para><function>ST_Contains</function> returns <varname>FALSE</varname> in the following situations:</para>

    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
      <tbody>
        <row>
        <entry><para><informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_contains05.png"/>
            </imageobject>

            <caption><para><varname>POLYGON</varname> / <varname>MULTIPOINT</varname></para></caption>
          </mediaobject>
          </informalfigure></para></entry>

        <entry><para><informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_contains06.png"/>
            </imageobject>

            <caption><para><varname>POLYGON</varname> / <varname>LINESTRING</varname></para></caption>
          </mediaobject>
          </informalfigure></para></entry>
        </row>
      </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>

    <para>Due to the interior intersection condition <function>ST_Contains</function> returns <varname>FALSE</varname> in the following situations
     (whereas <function>ST_Covers</function> returns <varname>TRUE</varname>):</para>

    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
      <tbody>
        <row>
        <entry><para><informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_contains07.png"/>
            </imageobject>

            <caption><para><varname>LINESTRING</varname> / <varname>POINT</varname></para></caption>
          </mediaobject>
          </informalfigure></para></entry>

        <entry><para><informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_contains08.png"/>
            </imageobject>

            <caption><para><varname>POLYGON</varname> / <varname>LINESTRING</varname></para></caption>
          </mediaobject>
          </informalfigure></para></entry>
        </row>
      </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>

      <programlisting>
-- A circle within a circle
SELECT ST_Contains(smallc, bigc) As smallcontainsbig,
     ST_Contains(bigc,smallc) As bigcontainssmall,
     ST_Contains(bigc, ST_Union(smallc, bigc)) as bigcontainsunion,
     ST_Equals(bigc, ST_Union(smallc, bigc)) as bigisunion,
     ST_Covers(bigc, ST_ExteriorRing(bigc)) As bigcoversexterior,
     ST_Contains(bigc, ST_ExteriorRing(bigc)) As bigcontainsexterior
FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'), 10) As smallc,
       ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'), 20) As bigc) As foo;

-- Result
  smallcontainsbig | bigcontainssmall | bigcontainsunion | bigisunion | bigcoversexterior | bigcontainsexterior
------------------+------------------+------------------+------------+-------------------+---------------------
 f                | t                | t                | t          | t        | f

-- Example demonstrating difference between contains and contains properly
SELECT ST_GeometryType(geomA) As geomtype, ST_Contains(geomA,geomA) AS acontainsa, ST_ContainsProperly(geomA, geomA) AS acontainspropa,
   ST_Contains(geomA, ST_Boundary(geomA)) As acontainsba, ST_ContainsProperly(geomA, ST_Boundary(geomA)) As acontainspropba
FROM (VALUES ( ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1,1), 5,1) ),
       ( ST_MakeLine(ST_Point(1,1), ST_Point(-1,-1) ) ),
       ( ST_Point(1,1) )
    ) As foo(geomA);

  geomtype    | acontainsa | acontainspropa | acontainsba | acontainspropba
--------------+------------+----------------+-------------+-----------------
ST_Polygon    | t          | f              | f           | f
ST_LineString | t          | f              | f           | f
ST_Point      | t          | t              | f           | f

 </programlisting>
    </refsection>

    <refsection>
    <title>See Also</title>
    <para><xref linkend="ST_Boundary"/>, <xref linkend="ST_ContainsProperly"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Covers"/>, <xref linkend="ST_CoveredBy"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Equals"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Within"/></para>
    </refsection>
 </refentry>

 <refentry xml:id="ST_ContainsProperly">
    <refnamediv>
    <refname>ST_ContainsProperly</refname>

    <refpurpose>Tests if every point of B lies in the interior of A</refpurpose>
    </refnamediv>

    <refsynopsisdiv>
    <funcsynopsis>
      <funcprototype>
      <funcdef>boolean <function>ST_ContainsProperly</function></funcdef>

      <paramdef><type>geometry </type>
      <parameter>geomA</parameter></paramdef>

      <paramdef><type>geometry </type>
      <parameter>geomB</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
    </funcsynopsis>
    </refsynopsisdiv>

    <refsection>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para>Returns <varname>true</varname> if every point of B lies in the interior of A
    (or equivalently, no point of B lies in the the boundary or exterior of A).</para>

    <para>In mathematical terms:
    <emphasis>ST_ContainsProperly(A, B) ⇔ Int(A) ⋂ B = B </emphasis></para>

    <para>A contains B properly if the DE-9IM Intersection Matrix for the two geometries matches
   [T**FF*FF*]</para>

    <para>A does not properly contain itself, but does contain itself.</para>

    <para>
    A use for this predicate is computing the intersections of a set of geometries with a large polygonal geometry. Since intersection is a fairly slow operation, it can be more efficient to use containsProperly to filter out test geometries which lie
      fully inside the area.  In these cases the intersection is known a priori to be exactly the original test geometry.
      </para>

    <note><para>&index_aware;
         To avoid index use, use the function <function>_ST_ContainsProperly</function>.</para></note>

    <note>
      <para>The advantage of this predicate over <xref linkend="ST_Contains"/> and <xref linkend="ST_Intersects"/> is that it can be computed
          more efficiently, with no need to compute topology at individual points.</para>
    </note>
    <para>Performed by the GEOS module.</para>
    <para role="availability" conformance="1.4.0">Availability: 1.4.0</para>

    <important>
      <para role="enhanced" conformance="3.0.0">Enhanced: 3.0.0 enabled support for <varname>GEOMETRYCOLLECTION</varname></para>
    </important>

    <important>
      <para>Do not use this function with invalid geometries. You will get unexpected results.</para>
    </important>

    </refsection>

    <refsection>
    <title>Examples</title>
      <programlisting>
  --a circle within a circle
  SELECT ST_ContainsProperly(smallc, bigc) As smallcontainspropbig,
  ST_ContainsProperly(bigc,smallc) As bigcontainspropsmall,
  ST_ContainsProperly(bigc, ST_Union(smallc, bigc)) as bigcontainspropunion,
  ST_Equals(bigc, ST_Union(smallc, bigc)) as bigisunion,
  ST_Covers(bigc, ST_ExteriorRing(bigc)) As bigcoversexterior,
  ST_ContainsProperly(bigc, ST_ExteriorRing(bigc)) As bigcontainsexterior
  FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'), 10) As smallc,
  ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'), 20) As bigc) As foo;
  --Result
  smallcontainspropbig | bigcontainspropsmall | bigcontainspropunion | bigisunion | bigcoversexterior | bigcontainsexterior
------------------+------------------+------------------+------------+-------------------+---------------------
 f                     | t                    | f                    | t          | t                 | f

 --example demonstrating difference between contains and contains properly
 SELECT ST_GeometryType(geomA) As geomtype, ST_Contains(geomA,geomA) AS acontainsa, ST_ContainsProperly(geomA, geomA) AS acontainspropa,
 ST_Contains(geomA, ST_Boundary(geomA)) As acontainsba, ST_ContainsProperly(geomA, ST_Boundary(geomA)) As acontainspropba
 FROM (VALUES ( ST_Buffer(ST_Point(1,1), 5,1) ),
      ( ST_MakeLine(ST_Point(1,1), ST_Point(-1,-1) ) ),
      ( ST_Point(1,1) )
  ) As foo(geomA);

  geomtype    | acontainsa | acontainspropa | acontainsba | acontainspropba
--------------+------------+----------------+-------------+-----------------
ST_Polygon    | t          | f              | f           | f
ST_LineString | t          | f              | f           | f
ST_Point      | t          | t              | f           | f
 </programlisting>
    </refsection>

    <refsection>
    <title>See Also</title>
    <para><xref linkend="ST_GeometryType"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Boundary"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Contains"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Covers"/>, <xref linkend="ST_CoveredBy"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Equals"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Relate"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Within"/></para>
    </refsection>
 </refentry>

  <refentry xml:id="ST_CoveredBy">
    <refnamediv>
    <refname>ST_CoveredBy</refname>

    <refpurpose>Tests if every point of A lies in B</refpurpose>
    </refnamediv>

    <refsynopsisdiv>
    <funcsynopsis>
      <funcprototype>
      <funcdef>boolean <function>ST_CoveredBy</function></funcdef>

      <paramdef><type>geometry </type>
      <parameter>geomA</parameter></paramdef>

      <paramdef><type>geometry </type>
      <parameter>geomB</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>

      <funcprototype>
      <funcdef>boolean <function>ST_CoveredBy</function></funcdef>

      <paramdef><type>geography </type>
      <parameter>geogA</parameter></paramdef>

      <paramdef><type>geography </type>
      <parameter>geogB</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
    </funcsynopsis>
    </refsynopsisdiv>

    <refsection>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para>Returns <varname>true</varname> if every point in Geometry/Geography A lies inside
        (i.e. intersects the interior or boundary of)
        Geometry/Geography B.
        Equivalently, tests that no point of A lies outside (in the exterior of) B.
        </para>

    <para>In mathematical terms:
    <emphasis>ST_CoveredBy(A, B) ⇔ A ⋂ B = A </emphasis></para>

    <para>ST_CoveredBy is the converse of <xref linkend="ST_Covers"/>.
    So, <code>ST_CoveredBy(A,B) = ST_Covers(B,A)</code>.</para>

    <para>Generally this function should be used instead of <xref linkend="ST_Within"/>,
    since it has a simpler definition
    which does not have the quirk that "boundaries are not within their geometry".</para>

    <note><para>&index_aware;
         To avoid index use, use the function <function>_ST_CoveredBy</function>.</para></note>

    <important>
      <para role="enhanced" conformance="3.0.0">Enhanced: 3.0.0 enabled support for <varname>GEOMETRYCOLLECTION</varname></para>
    </important>

    <important>
      <para>Do not use this function with invalid geometries. You will get unexpected results.</para>
    </important>
    <para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
    <para role="availability" conformance="1.2.2">Availability: 1.2.2</para>

    <para>NOTE: this is the "allowable" version that returns a
      boolean, not an integer.</para>

    <para>Not an OGC standard, but Oracle has it too.</para>
    </refsection>

    <refsection>
    <title>Examples</title>
      <programlisting>
  --a circle coveredby a circle
SELECT ST_CoveredBy(smallc,smallc) As smallinsmall,
  ST_CoveredBy(smallc, bigc) As smallcoveredbybig,
  ST_CoveredBy(ST_ExteriorRing(bigc), bigc) As exteriorcoveredbybig,
  ST_Within(ST_ExteriorRing(bigc),bigc) As exeriorwithinbig
FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'), 10) As smallc,
  ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'), 20) As bigc) As foo;
  --Result
 smallinsmall | smallcoveredbybig | exteriorcoveredbybig | exeriorwithinbig
--------------+-------------------+----------------------+------------------
 t            | t                 | t                    | f
(1 row) </programlisting>
    </refsection>

    <refsection>
    <title>See Also</title>
    <para><xref linkend="ST_Contains"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Covers"/>, <xref linkend="ST_ExteriorRing"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Within"/></para>
    </refsection>
 </refentry>

  <refentry xml:id="ST_Covers">
    <refnamediv>
    <refname>ST_Covers</refname>

    <refpurpose>Tests if every point of B lies in A</refpurpose>
    </refnamediv>

    <refsynopsisdiv>
    <funcsynopsis>
      <funcprototype>
      <funcdef>boolean <function>ST_Covers</function></funcdef>

      <paramdef><type>geometry </type>
      <parameter>geomA</parameter></paramdef>

      <paramdef><type>geometry </type>
      <parameter>geomB</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
      <funcprototype>
      <funcdef>boolean <function>ST_Covers</function></funcdef>

      <paramdef><type>geography </type>
      <parameter>geogpolyA</parameter></paramdef>

      <paramdef><type>geography </type>
      <parameter>geogpointB</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
    </funcsynopsis>
    </refsynopsisdiv>

    <refsection>
    <title>Description</title>

      <para>Returns <varname>true</varname> if every point in Geometry/Geography B lies inside
            (i.e. intersects the interior or boundary of)
            Geometry/Geography A.
            Equivalently, tests that no point of B lies outside (in the exterior of) A.
            </para>

    <para>In mathematical terms:
    <emphasis>ST_Covers(A, B) ⇔ A ⋂ B = B </emphasis></para>

    <para>ST_Covers is the converse of <xref linkend="ST_CoveredBy"/>.
    So, <code>ST_Covers(A,B) = ST_CoveredBy(B,A)</code>.</para>

    <para>Generally this function should be used instead of <xref linkend="ST_Contains"/>,
    since it has a simpler definition
    which does not have the quirk that "geometries do not contain their boundary".</para>


    <note><para>&index_aware;
         To avoid index use, use the function <function>_ST_Covers</function>.</para></note>

    <important>
      <para role="enhanced" conformance="3.0.0">Enhanced: 3.0.0 enabled support for <varname>GEOMETRYCOLLECTION</varname></para>
    </important>

    <important>
      <para>Do not use this function with invalid geometries. You will get unexpected results.</para>
    </important>

    <para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
    <para role="enhanced" conformance="2.4.0">Enhanced: 2.4.0 Support for polygon in polygon and line in polygon added for geography type</para>
    <para role="enhanced" conformance="2.3.0">Enhanced: 2.3.0 Enhancement to PIP short-circuit for geometry extended to support MultiPoints with few points. Prior versions only supported point in polygon.</para>
    <para role="availability" conformance="1.5">Availability: 1.5 - support for geography was introduced. </para>
    <para role="availability" conformance="1.2.2">Availability: 1.2.2</para>

    <para>NOTE: this is the "allowable" version that returns a
      boolean, not an integer.</para>

    <para>Not an OGC standard, but Oracle has it too.</para>
    </refsection>

    <refsection>
    <title>Examples</title>
      <para> Geometry example </para>
      <programlisting>
  --a circle covering a circle
SELECT ST_Covers(smallc,smallc) As smallinsmall,
  ST_Covers(smallc, bigc) As smallcoversbig,
  ST_Covers(bigc, ST_ExteriorRing(bigc)) As bigcoversexterior,
  ST_Contains(bigc, ST_ExteriorRing(bigc)) As bigcontainsexterior
FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'), 10) As smallc,
  ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'), 20) As bigc) As foo;
  --Result
 smallinsmall | smallcoversbig | bigcoversexterior | bigcontainsexterior
--------------+----------------+-------------------+---------------------
 t            | f              | t                 | f
(1 row) </programlisting>
    <para>Geeography Example</para>
    <programlisting>
-- a point with a 300 meter buffer compared to a point, a point and its 10 meter buffer
SELECT ST_Covers(geog_poly, geog_pt) As poly_covers_pt,
  ST_Covers(ST_Buffer(geog_pt,10), geog_pt) As buff_10m_covers_cent
  FROM (SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeogFromText('SRID=4326;POINT(-99.327 31.4821)'), 300) As geog_poly,
        ST_GeogFromText('SRID=4326;POINT(-99.33 31.483)') As geog_pt ) As foo;

 poly_covers_pt | buff_10m_covers_cent
----------------+------------------
 f              | t
    </programlisting>
    </refsection>

    <refsection>
    <title>See Also</title>
    <para><xref linkend="ST_Contains"/>, <xref linkend="ST_CoveredBy"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Within"/></para>
    </refsection>
 </refentry>

  <refentry xml:id="ST_Crosses">
  <refnamediv>
    <refname>ST_Crosses</refname>

    <refpurpose>Tests if two geometries have some, but not all, interior points in common</refpurpose>
  </refnamediv>

  <refsynopsisdiv>
    <funcsynopsis>
    <funcprototype>
      <funcdef>boolean <function>ST_Crosses</function></funcdef>

      <paramdef><type>geometry </type><parameter>g1</parameter></paramdef>

      <paramdef><type>geometry </type><parameter>g2</parameter></paramdef>
    </funcprototype>
    </funcsynopsis>
  </refsynopsisdiv>

  <refsection>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para>Compares two geometry objects and
    returns <varname>true</varname> if their intersection "spatially crosses";
    that is, the geometries have some, but not all interior points in common.
    The intersection of the interiors of the geometries must be non-empty
    and must have dimension less than the maximum dimension
    of the two input geometries, and the intersection of the two
    geometries must not equal either geometry. Otherwise, it
    returns <varname>false</varname>.
    The crosses relation is symmetric and irreflexive.</para>

    <para>In mathematical terms:
    <emphasis>ST_Crosses(A, B) ⇔ (dim( Int(A) ⋂ Int(B) ) &lt; max( dim( Int(A) ), dim( Int(B) ) )) ∧ (A ⋂ B ≠ A) ∧ (A ⋂ B ≠ B) </emphasis></para>

    <para>Geometries cross if their DE-9IM Intersection Matrix matches:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para><code>T*T******</code> for Point/Line, Point/Area, and Line/Area situations</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para><code>T*****T**</code> for Line/Point, Area/Point, and Area/Line situations</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para><code>0********</code> for Line/Line situations</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>the result is <varname>false</varname> for Point/Point and Area/Area situations </para>
    </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

  <note><para>The OpenGIS Simple Features Specification defines this predicate
    only for Point/Line, Point/Area, Line/Line, and Line/Area situations.
    JTS / GEOS extends the definition to apply to Line/Point, Area/Point and
    Area/Line situations as well. This makes the relation symmetric.</para></note>

  <note><para>&index_aware;</para></note>

    <important>
      <para role="enhanced" conformance="3.0.0">Enhanced: 3.0.0 enabled support for <varname>GEOMETRYCOLLECTION</varname></para>
    </important>

  <para>&sfs_compliant; s2.1.13.3</para>
  <para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 5.1.29</para>
  </refsection>

  <refsection>
    <title>Examples</title>

    <para>The following situations all return <varname>true</varname>.</para>

    <informaltable>
    <tgroup cols="2">
      <tbody>
      <row>
        <entry><para><informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_crosses01.png"/>
          </imageobject>

          <caption><para><varname>MULTIPOINT</varname> / <varname>LINESTRING</varname></para></caption>
          </mediaobject>
        </informalfigure></para></entry>

        <entry><para><informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_crosses02.png"/>
          </imageobject>

          <caption><para><varname>MULTIPOINT</varname> / <varname>POLYGON</varname></para></caption>
          </mediaobject>
        </informalfigure></para></entry>
      </row>

      <row>
        <entry><para><informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_crosses03.png"/>
          </imageobject>

          <caption><para><varname>LINESTRING</varname> / <varname>POLYGON</varname></para></caption>
          </mediaobject>
        </informalfigure></para></entry>

        <entry><para><informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_crosses04.png"/>
          </imageobject>

          <caption><para><varname>LINESTRING</varname> / <varname>LINESTRING</varname></para></caption>
          </mediaobject>
        </informalfigure></para></entry>
      </row>
      </tbody>
    </tgroup>
    </informaltable>

    <para>Consider a situation where a user has two tables: a table of roads
    and a table of highways.</para>

    <informaltable>
    <tgroup cols="2">
      <tbody>
      <row>
        <entry><para> <informalexample>
          <programlisting>CREATE TABLE roads (
  id serial NOT NULL,
  geom geometry,
  CONSTRAINT roads_pkey PRIMARY KEY (road_id)
);</programlisting>
        </informalexample> </para></entry>

        <entry><para> <informalexample>
          <programlisting>CREATE TABLE highways (
  id serial NOT NULL,
  the_gem geometry,
  CONSTRAINT roads_pkey PRIMARY KEY (road_id)
);</programlisting>
        </informalexample> </para></entry>
      </row>
      </tbody>
    </tgroup>
    </informaltable>

    <para>To determine a list of roads that cross a highway, use a query
    similar to:</para>

    <para><informalexample>
      <programlisting>SELECT roads.id
FROM roads, highways
WHERE ST_Crosses(roads.geom, highways.geom);</programlisting>
    </informalexample></para>
  </refsection>
    <refsection>
    <title>See Also</title>

    <para><xref linkend="ST_Contains"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Overlaps"/></para>
    </refsection>
  </refentry>

  <refentry xml:id="ST_Disjoint">
    <refnamediv>
      <refname>ST_Disjoint</refname>

      <refpurpose>Tests if two geometries have no points in common </refpurpose>
    </refnamediv>
    <refsynopsisdiv>
      <funcsynopsis>
        <funcprototype>
          <funcdef>boolean <function>ST_Disjoint</function></funcdef>
          <paramdef>
            <type>geometry</type>
            <parameter>A</parameter>
          </paramdef>
          <paramdef>
            <type>geometry</type>
            <parameter>B</parameter>
          </paramdef>
        </funcprototype>
      </funcsynopsis>
    </refsynopsisdiv>
    <refsection>
      <title>Description</title>

      <para>Returns <varname>true</varname> if two geometries are disjoint.
      Geometries are disjoint if they have no point in common.
      </para>

      <para>If any other spatial relationship is true for a pair of geometries, they are not disjoint.
      Disjoint implies that <xref linkend="ST_Intersects"/> is false.
      </para>

    <para>In mathematical terms:
    <emphasis>ST_Disjoint(A, B) ⇔ A ⋂ B = ∅ </emphasis></para>

    <important>
      <para role="enhanced" conformance="3.0.0">Enhanced: 3.0.0 enabled support for <varname>GEOMETRYCOLLECTION</varname></para>
    </important>

      <para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
      <note>
        <para>This function call does not use indexes. A negated <xref linkend="ST_Intersects"/> predicate
          can be used as a more performant alternative that uses indexes:
          <code>ST_Disjoint(A,B) = NOT ST_Intersects(A,B)</code></para>

      </note>
      <note>
        <para>NOTE: this is the "allowable" version that returns a
      boolean, not an integer.</para>
      </note>
      <para>&sfs_compliant; s2.1.1.2 //s2.1.13.3
      - a.Relate(b, 'FF*FF****')</para>
      <para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 5.1.26</para>
    </refsection>
    <refsection>
    <title>Examples</title>

    <programlisting>SELECT ST_Disjoint('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 2 0, 0 2 )'::geometry);
 st_disjoint
---------------
 t
(1 row)
SELECT ST_Disjoint('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 0 0, 0 2 )'::geometry);
 st_disjoint
---------------
 f
(1 row)
    </programlisting>
    </refsection>

    <refsection>
      <title>See Also</title>
      <para><xref linkend="ST_Intersects"/></para>
    </refsection>
  </refentry>

  <refentry xml:id="ST_Equals">
    <refnamediv>
    <refname>ST_Equals</refname>

    <refpurpose>Tests if two geometries include the same set of points</refpurpose>
    </refnamediv>

    <refsynopsisdiv>
    <funcsynopsis>
      <funcprototype>
      <funcdef>boolean <function>ST_Equals</function></funcdef>
      <paramdef><type>geometry </type> <parameter>A</parameter></paramdef>
      <paramdef><type>geometry </type> <parameter>B</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
    </funcsynopsis>
    </refsynopsisdiv>

    <refsection>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para>Returns <varname>true</varname> if the given geometries are "topologically equal".
    Use this for a 'better' answer than '='.
      Topological equality means that the geometries have the same dimension,
      and their point-sets occupy the same space.
      This means that the order of vertices may be different in topologically equal geometries.
      To verify the order of points is consistent use
      <xref linkend="ST_OrderingEquals"/> (it must be noted ST_OrderingEquals is a little more stringent than simply verifying order of
      points are the same).</para>

    <para>In mathematical terms:
    <emphasis>ST_Equals(A, B) ⇔ A = B </emphasis></para>

    <para>The following relation holds:
    <emphasis>ST_Equals(A, B) ⇔ ST_Within(A,B) ∧ ST_Within(B,A) </emphasis></para>

    <important>
      <para role="enhanced" conformance="3.0.0">Enhanced: 3.0.0 enabled support for <varname>GEOMETRYCOLLECTION</varname></para>
    </important>

    <para>&sfs_compliant; s2.1.1.2</para>
    <para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 5.1.24</para>
        <para role="changed" conformance="2.2.0">Changed: 2.2.0 Returns true even for invalid geometries if they are binary equal</para>
    </refsection>

    <refsection>
    <title>Examples</title>

    <programlisting>SELECT ST_Equals(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 10 10)'),
    ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 5 5, 10 10)'));
 st_equals
-----------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT ST_Equals(ST_Reverse(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 10 10)')),
    ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 5 5, 10 10)'));
 st_equals
-----------
 t
(1 row)
</programlisting>
    </refsection>

    <refsection>
    <title>See Also</title>

    <para><xref linkend="ST_IsValid"/>, <xref linkend="ST_OrderingEquals"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Reverse"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Within"/></para>
    </refsection>

  </refentry>


  <refentry xml:id="ST_Intersects">
    <refnamediv>
      <refname>ST_Intersects</refname>

      <refpurpose>Tests if two geometries intersect (they have at least one point in common)</refpurpose>
    </refnamediv>
    <refsynopsisdiv>
      <funcsynopsis>
        <funcprototype>
          <funcdef>boolean <function>ST_Intersects</function></funcdef>
          <paramdef>
            <type>geometry</type>
            <parameter>geomA</parameter>
          </paramdef>
          <paramdef>
            <type>geometry</type>
            <parameter>geomB</parameter>
          </paramdef>
        </funcprototype>
        <funcprototype>
          <funcdef>boolean <function>ST_Intersects</function></funcdef>
          <paramdef>
            <type>geography</type>
            <parameter>geogA</parameter>
          </paramdef>
          <paramdef>
            <type>geography</type>
            <parameter>geogB</parameter>
          </paramdef>
        </funcprototype>
      </funcsynopsis>
    </refsynopsisdiv>
    <refsection>
      <title>Description</title>
      <para>Returns <varname>true</varname> if two geometries intersect.
      Geometries intersect if they have any point in common.
      </para>

      <para>
      For geography, a distance tolerance of 0.00001 meters is used
      (so points that are very close are considered to intersect).</para>

    <para>In mathematical terms:
    <emphasis>ST_Intersects(A, B) ⇔ A ⋂ B ≠ ∅ </emphasis></para>

    <para>Geometries intersect if their DE-9IM Intersection Matrix matches one of:
    </para>

    <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>  <para><code>T********</code></para> </listitem>
    <listitem>  <para><code>*T*******</code></para> </listitem>
    <listitem>  <para><code>***T*****</code></para> </listitem>
    <listitem>  <para><code>****T****</code></para> </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

      <para>Spatial intersection is implied by all the other spatial relationship tests,
      except <xref linkend="ST_Disjoint"/>, which tests that geometries do NOT intersect.</para>

      <note><para>&index_aware;</para></note>

      <para role="changed" conformance="3.0.0">Changed: 3.0.0 SFCGAL version removed and native support for 2D TINS added.</para>
      <para role="enhanced" conformance="2.5.0">Enhanced: 2.5.0 Supports GEOMETRYCOLLECTION.</para>
      <para role="enhanced" conformance="2.3.0">Enhanced: 2.3.0 Enhancement to PIP short-circuit extended to support MultiPoints with few points. Prior versions only supported point in polygon.</para>
      <para>Performed by the GEOS module (for geometry), geography is native</para>
      <para role="availability" conformance="1.5">Availability: 1.5 support for geography was introduced.</para>
      <note>
        <para>For geography, this function has a distance tolerance of about 0.00001 meters and uses the sphere rather
        than spheroid calculation.</para>
      </note>
      <note>
        <para>NOTE: this is the "allowable" version that returns a
      boolean, not an integer.</para>
      </note>
      <para>&sfs_compliant; s2.1.1.2 //s2.1.13.3
        - ST_Intersects(g1, g2 ) --&gt; Not (ST_Disjoint(g1, g2 ))
      </para>
      <para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 5.1.27</para>
      <para>&curve_support;</para>
      <!-- Optionally mention support for Triangles and TINS  -->
      <para>&T_support;</para>
    </refsection>
    <refsection>
    <title>Geometry Examples</title>
<programlisting>SELECT ST_Intersects('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 2 0, 0 2 )'::geometry);
 st_intersects
---------------
 f
(1 row)
SELECT ST_Intersects('POINT(0 0)'::geometry, 'LINESTRING ( 0 0, 0 2 )'::geometry);
 st_intersects
---------------
 t
(1 row)

-- Look up in table. Make sure table has a GiST index on geometry column for faster lookup.
SELECT id, name FROM cities WHERE ST_Intersects(geom, 'SRID=4326;POLYGON((28 53,27.707 52.293,27 52,26.293 52.293,26 53,26.293 53.707,27 54,27.707 53.707,28 53))');
 id | name
----+-------
  2 | Minsk
(1 row)
</programlisting>
    </refsection>
    <refsection>
    <title>Geography Examples</title>
<programlisting>SELECT ST_Intersects(
    'SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-43.23456 72.4567,-43.23456 72.4568)'::geography,
    'SRID=4326;POINT(-43.23456 72.4567772)'::geography
    );

 st_intersects
---------------
t
</programlisting>
    </refsection>
    <refsection>
      <title>See Also</title>
      <para><xref linkend="geometry_overlaps"/>, <xref linkend="ST_3DIntersects"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Disjoint"/></para>
    </refsection>
  </refentry>

  <refentry xml:id="ST_LineCrossingDirection">
  <refnamediv>
    <refname>ST_LineCrossingDirection</refname>

    <refpurpose>Returns a number indicating the crossing behavior of two LineStrings</refpurpose>
  </refnamediv>

  <refsynopsisdiv>
    <funcsynopsis>
    <funcprototype>
      <funcdef>integer <function>ST_LineCrossingDirection</function></funcdef>
      <paramdef><type>geometry </type> <parameter>linestringA</parameter></paramdef>
      <paramdef><type>geometry </type> <parameter>linestringB</parameter></paramdef>
    </funcprototype>
    </funcsynopsis>
  </refsynopsisdiv>

  <refsection>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para>Given two linestrings returns an integer between -3 and 3
      indicating what kind of crossing behavior exists between them.
      0 indicates no crossing.
      This is only supported for <varname>LINESTRING</varname>s.
      </para>
    <para>The crossing number has the following meaning:
       <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para> 0: LINE NO CROSS</para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>-1: LINE CROSS LEFT</para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para> 1: LINE CROSS RIGHT</para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>-2: LINE MULTICROSS END LEFT</para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para> 2: LINE MULTICROSS END RIGHT</para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>-3: LINE MULTICROSS END SAME FIRST LEFT</para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para> 3: LINE MULTICROSS END SAME FIRST RIGHT</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </para>
    <para role="availability" conformance="1.4">Availability: 1.4</para>
  </refsection>

  <refsection>
    <title>Examples</title>

    <para><emphasis role="bold">Example:</emphasis>
    LINE CROSS LEFT and LINE CROSS RIGHT
    </para>
    <informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_linecrossingdirection03.png"/>
            </imageobject>
            <caption><para>Blue: Line A;  Green: Line B</para></caption>
          </mediaobject>
          </informalfigure>
          <programlisting>
SELECT ST_LineCrossingDirection(lineA, lineB) As A_cross_B,
       ST_LineCrossingDirection(lineB, lineA) As B_cross_A
FROM (SELECT
  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(25 169,89 114,40 70,86 43)') As lineA,
  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (20 140, 71 74, 161 53)') As lineB
  ) As foo;

 A_cross_B | B_cross_A
-----------+-----------
        -1 |         1
</programlisting>

    <para><emphasis role="bold">Example:</emphasis>
    LINE MULTICROSS END SAME FIRST LEFT and LINE MULTICROSS END SAME FIRST RIGHT
    </para>
    <informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_linecrossingdirection01.png"/>
            </imageobject>
            <caption><para>Blue: Line A;  Green: Line B</para></caption>
          </mediaobject>
          </informalfigure>
          <programlisting>
SELECT ST_LineCrossingDirection(lineA, lineB) As A_cross_B,
       ST_LineCrossingDirection(lineB, lineA) As B_cross_A
FROM (SELECT
 ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(25 169,89 114,40 70,86 43)') As lineA,
 ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(171 154,20 140,71 74,161 53)') As lineB
  ) As foo;

 A_cross_B | B_cross_A
-----------+-----------
         3 |        -3
</programlisting>

      <para><emphasis role="bold">Example:</emphasis>
      LINE MULTICROSS END LEFT and LINE MULTICROSS END RIGHT
      </para>
      <informalfigure>
        <mediaobject>
          <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="images/st_linecrossingdirection04.png"/>
          </imageobject>
            <caption><para>Blue: Line A;  Green: Line B</para></caption>
        </mediaobject>
        </informalfigure>
        <programlisting>
SELECT ST_LineCrossingDirection(lineA, lineB) As A_cross_B,
       ST_LineCrossingDirection(lineB, lineA) As B_cross_A
FROM (SELECT
  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(25 169,89 114,40 70,86 43)') As lineA,
  ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(5 90, 71 74, 20 140, 171 154)') As lineB
  ) As foo;

 A_cross_B | B_cross_A
-----------+-----------
        -2 |         2
</programlisting>

<para><emphasis role="bold">Example:</emphasis>
      Finds all streets that cross
      </para>
<programlisting><![CDATA[

SELECT s1.gid, s2.gid, ST_LineCrossingDirection(s1.geom, s2.geom)
  FROM streets s1 CROSS JOIN streets s2
         ON (s1.gid != s2.gid AND s1.geom && s2.geom )
WHERE ST_LineCrossingDirection(s1.geom, s2.geom) > 0;

]]></programlisting>
  </refsection>

  <refsection>
    <title>See Also</title>
    <para><xref linkend="ST_Crosses"/></para>
  </refsection>
  </refentry>

  <refentry xml:id="ST_OrderingEquals">
    <refnamediv>
    <refname>ST_OrderingEquals</refname>

    <refpurpose>Tests if two geometries represent the same geometry and have points in the same directional order</refpurpose>
    </refnamediv>

    <refsynopsisdiv>
    <funcsynopsis>
      <funcprototype>
      <funcdef>boolean <function>ST_OrderingEquals</function></funcdef>
      <paramdef><type>geometry </type> <parameter>A</parameter></paramdef>
      <paramdef><type>geometry </type> <parameter>B</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
    </funcsynopsis>
    </refsynopsisdiv>

    <refsection>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para>ST_OrderingEquals compares two geometries and returns t (TRUE) if the
      geometries are equal and the coordinates are in the same order;
      otherwise it returns f (FALSE).</para>

    <note>
      <para>This function is implemented as per the ArcSDE SQL
    specification rather than SQL-MM.
    http://edndoc.esri.com/arcsde/9.1/sql_api/sqlapi3.htm#ST_OrderingEquals</para>
    </note>
    <para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 5.1.43</para>
    </refsection>

    <refsection>
    <title>Examples</title>

    <programlisting>SELECT ST_OrderingEquals(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 10 10)'),
    ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 5 5, 10 10)'));
 st_orderingequals
-----------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT ST_OrderingEquals(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 10 10)'),
    ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 0 0, 10 10)'));
 st_orderingequals
-----------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT ST_OrderingEquals(ST_Reverse(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 10 10)')),
    ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(0 0, 0 0, 10 10)'));
 st_orderingequals
-----------
 f
(1 row)
</programlisting>
      </refsection>
      <refsection>
      <title>See Also</title>
      <para><xref linkend="geometry_overlaps"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Equals"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Reverse"/></para>
      </refsection>
  </refentry>

  <refentry xml:id="ST_Overlaps">
    <refnamediv>
    <refname>ST_Overlaps</refname>

    <refpurpose>Tests if two geometries have the same dimension and intersect, but each has at least one point not in the other</refpurpose>
    </refnamediv>

    <refsynopsisdiv>
    <funcsynopsis>
      <funcprototype>
      <funcdef>boolean <function>ST_Overlaps</function></funcdef>
      <paramdef><type>geometry </type> <parameter>A</parameter></paramdef>
      <paramdef><type>geometry </type> <parameter>B</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
    </funcsynopsis>
    </refsynopsisdiv>

    <refsection>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para>Returns TRUE if geometry A and B "spatially overlap".
    Two geometries overlap if they have the same dimension,
    their interiors intersect in that dimension.
    and each has at least one point inside the other
    (or equivalently, neither one covers the other).
    The overlaps relation is symmetric and irreflexive.
    </para>

    <para>In mathematical terms:
    <emphasis>ST_Overlaps(A, B) ⇔ ( dim(A) = dim(B) = dim( Int(A) ⋂ Int(B) )) ∧ (A ⋂ B ≠ A) ∧ (A ⋂ B ≠ B) </emphasis></para>

    <note><para>&index_aware;
        To avoid index use, use the function <function>_ST_Overlaps</function>.</para></note>

    <para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>

    <important>
      <para role="enhanced" conformance="3.0.0">Enhanced: 3.0.0 enabled support for <varname>GEOMETRYCOLLECTION</varname></para>
    </important>

    <para>NOTE: this is the "allowable" version that returns a
      boolean, not an integer.</para>

    <para>&sfs_compliant; s2.1.1.2 // s2.1.13.3</para>
    <para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 5.1.32</para>
    </refsection>

    <refsection>
    <title>Examples</title>
          <para><function>ST_Overlaps</function> returns <varname>TRUE</varname> in the following situations:</para>

    <informaltable>
    <tgroup cols="3">
      <tbody>
      <row>
        <entry><para><informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_overlaps01.png"/>
          </imageobject>
          <caption><para><varname>MULTIPOINT</varname> / <varname>MULTIPOINT</varname></para></caption>
          </mediaobject>
        </informalfigure></para></entry>

        <entry><para><informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_overlaps02.png"/>
          </imageobject>
          <caption><para><varname>LINESTRING</varname> / <varname>LINESTRING</varname></para></caption>
          </mediaobject>
        </informalfigure></para></entry>
        <entry><para><informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_overlaps03.png"/>
          </imageobject>
          <caption><para><varname>POLYGON</varname> / <varname>POLYGON</varname></para></caption>
          </mediaobject>
        </informalfigure></para></entry>
      </row>
      </tbody>
    </tgroup>
    </informaltable>

    <informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_overlaps04.png"/>
          </imageobject>
          </mediaobject>
        </informalfigure>
<para>A Point on a LineString is contained,
but since it has lower dimension it does not overlap or cross.</para>
    <programlisting>
SELECT ST_Overlaps(a,b) AS overlaps,       ST_Crosses(a,b) AS crosses,
       ST_Intersects(a, b) AS intersects,  ST_Contains(b,a) AS b_contains_a
FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POINT (100 100)') As a,
             ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (30 50, 40 160, 160 40, 180 160)')  AS b) AS t

overlaps | crosses | intersects | b_contains_a
---------+----------------------+--------------
f        | f       | t          | t
</programlisting>
    <informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_overlaps05.png"/>
          </imageobject>
          </mediaobject>
        </informalfigure>
<para>A LineString that partly covers a Polygon intersects and crosses,
but does not overlap since it has different dimension.</para>
<programlisting>
SELECT ST_Overlaps(a,b) AS overlaps,        ST_Crosses(a,b) AS crosses,
       ST_Intersects(a, b) AS intersects,   ST_Contains(a,b) AS contains
FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON ((40 170, 90 30, 180 100, 40 170))') AS a,
             ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(10 10, 190 190)') AS b) AS t;

 overlap | crosses | intersects | contains
---------+---------+------------+--------------
 f       | t       | t          | f
</programlisting>
    <informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_overlaps06.png"/>
          </imageobject>
          </mediaobject>
        </informalfigure>
<para>Two Polygons that intersect but with neither contained by the other overlap,
but do not cross because their intersection has the same dimension.</para>
<programlisting>
SELECT ST_Overlaps(a,b) AS overlaps,       ST_Crosses(a,b) AS crosses,
       ST_Intersects(a, b) AS intersects,  ST_Contains(b, a) AS b_contains_a,
       ST_Dimension(a) AS dim_a, ST_Dimension(b) AS dim_b,
       ST_Dimension(ST_Intersection(a,b)) AS dim_int
FROM (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON ((40 170, 90 30, 180 100, 40 170))') AS a,
             ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON ((110 180, 20 60, 130 90, 110 180))') AS b) As t;

 overlaps | crosses | intersects | b_contains_a | dim_a | dim_b | dim_int
----------+---------+------------+--------------+-------+-------+-----------
 t        | f       | t          | f            |     2 |     2 |       2
</programlisting>


    </refsection>

    <refsection>
    <title>See Also</title>

    <para><xref linkend="ST_Contains"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Crosses"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Dimension"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Intersects"/></para>
    </refsection>
  </refentry>

  <refentry xml:id="ST_Relate">
    <refnamediv>
      <refname>ST_Relate</refname>

      <refpurpose>Tests if two geometries have a topological relationship
            matching an Intersection Matrix pattern,
            or computes their Intersection Matrix
            </refpurpose>
    </refnamediv>

    <refsynopsisdiv>
      <funcsynopsis>
        <funcprototype>
        <funcdef>boolean <function>ST_Relate</function></funcdef>
        <paramdef><type>geometry </type> <parameter>geomA</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef><type>geometry </type> <parameter>geomB</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>intersectionMatrixPattern</parameter></paramdef>
        </funcprototype>

        <funcprototype>
        <funcdef>text <function>ST_Relate</function></funcdef>
        <paramdef><type>geometry </type> <parameter>geomA</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef><type>geometry </type> <parameter>geomB</parameter></paramdef>
        </funcprototype>

        <funcprototype>
        <funcdef>text <function>ST_Relate</function></funcdef>
        <paramdef><type>geometry </type> <parameter>geomA</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef><type>geometry </type> <parameter>geomB</parameter></paramdef>
        <paramdef><type>integer </type> <parameter>boundaryNodeRule</parameter></paramdef>
        </funcprototype>
      </funcsynopsis>
    </refsynopsisdiv>

    <refsection>
      <title>Description</title>

            <para>
            These functions allow testing and evaluating the spatial (topological) relationship between two geometries,
            as defined by the <link xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DE-9IM">Dimensionally Extended 9-Intersection Model</link> (DE-9IM).
            </para>
            <para>
            The DE-9IM is specified as a 9-element matrix indicating the dimension of the intersections between the
            Interior, Boundary and Exterior of two geometries.
            It is represented by a 9-character text string using the symbols 'F', '0', '1', '2'
            (e.g. <code>'FF1FF0102'</code>).
            </para>
            <para>
            A specific kind of spatial relationship can be tested by matching the intersection
            matrix to an <emphasis>intersection matrix pattern</emphasis>.
            Patterns can include the additional symbols 'T' (meaning "intersection is non-empty")
            and '*' (meaning "any value").
            Common spatial relationships are provided by the named functions
            <xref linkend="ST_Contains"/>, <xref linkend="ST_ContainsProperly"/>,
            <xref linkend="ST_Covers"/>, <xref linkend="ST_CoveredBy"/>,
            <xref linkend="ST_Crosses"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Disjoint"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Equals"/>,
            <xref linkend="ST_Intersects"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Overlaps"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Touches"/>,
            and <xref linkend="ST_Within"/>.
            Using an explicit pattern allows testing multiple conditions of intersects, crosses, etc in one step.
            It also allows testing spatial relationships which do not have a named spatial relationship function.
            For example, the relationship "Interior-Intersects" has the DE-9IM pattern <code>T********</code>,
            which is not evaluated by any named predicate.
            </para>
            <para>
             For more information refer to <xref linkend="eval_spatial_rel"/>.
            </para>

      <para><emphasis role="bold">Variant 1:</emphasis> Tests if two geometries are spatially related
            according to the given <varname>intersectionMatrixPattern</varname>.
            </para>

      <note><para>Unlike most of the named spatial relationship predicates,
                this does NOT automatically include an index call.
                The reason is that some relationships are true for geometries
                which do NOT intersect (e.g. Disjoint).  If you are
        using a relationship pattern that requires intersection, then include the &amp;&amp;
        index call.
                </para></note>

      <note><para>It is better to use a named relationship function if available,
            since they automatically use a spatial index where one exists.
            Also, they may implement performance optimizations which are not available
            with full relate evaluation.
                </para></note>

      <para><emphasis role="bold">Variant 2:</emphasis> Returns the DE-9IM matrix string for the
            spatial relationship between the two input geometries.
            The matrix string can be tested for matching a DE-9IM pattern using <xref linkend="ST_RelateMatch"/>.
            </para>

      <para><emphasis role="bold">Variant 3:</emphasis> Like variant 2,
            but allows specifying a <emphasis role="bold">Boundary Node Rule</emphasis>.
            A boundary node rule allows finer control over whether the endpoints of MultiLineStrings
            are considered to lie in the DE-9IM Interior or Boundary.
            The <varname>boundaryNodeRule</varname> values are:
            </para>
        <itemizedlist>
            <listitem><para><code>1</code>: <emphasis role="bold">OGC-Mod2</emphasis> - line endpoints are in the Boundary if they occur an odd number of times.
                This is the rule defined by the OGC SFS standard, and is the default for <function>ST_Relate</function>.
                </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para><code>2</code>: <emphasis role="bold">Endpoint</emphasis> - all endpoints are in the Boundary.
                </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para><code>3</code>: <emphasis role="bold">MultivalentEndpoint</emphasis> - endpoints are in the Boundary if they occur more than once.
                In other words, the boundary is all the "attached" or "inner" endpoints (but not the "unattached/outer" ones).
                </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para><code>4</code>: <emphasis role="bold">MonovalentEndpoint</emphasis> - endpoints are in the Boundary if they occur only once.
                In other words, the boundary is all the "unattached" or "outer" endpoints.
                </para></listitem>
        </itemizedlist>

      <para>This function is not in the OGC spec, but is implied. see s2.1.13.2</para>
      <para>&sfs_compliant; s2.1.1.2 // s2.1.13.3</para>
      <para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 5.1.25</para>
      <para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
      <para role="enhanced" conformance="2.0.0">Enhanced: 2.0.0 - added support for specifying boundary node rule.</para>
      <important>
        <para role="enhanced" conformance="3.0.0">Enhanced: 3.0.0 enabled support for <varname>GEOMETRYCOLLECTION</varname></para>
      </important>

    </refsection>


    <refsection>
    <title>Examples</title>

        <para>Using the boolean-valued function to test spatial relationships.</para>
    <programlisting>
SELECT ST_Relate('POINT(1 2)', ST_Buffer( 'POINT(1 2)', 2), '0FFFFF212');
st_relate
-----------
t

SELECT ST_Relate(POINT(1 2)', ST_Buffer( 'POINT(1 2)', 2), '*FF*FF212');
st_relate
-----------
t
</programlisting>

        <para>Testing a custom spatial relationship pattern as a query condition,
        with <code>&amp;&amp;</code> to enable using a spatial index.</para>
    <programlisting>
-- Find compounds that properly intersect (not just touch) a poly (Interior Intersects)

SELECT c.* , p.name As poly_name
    FROM polys AS p
    INNER JOIN compounds As c
          ON c.geom &amp;&amp; p.geom
             AND ST_Relate(p.geom, c.geom,'T********');
</programlisting>

         <para>Computing the intersection matrix for spatial relationships.</para>
    <programlisting>
SELECT ST_Relate( 'POINT(1 2)',
                  ST_Buffer( 'POINT(1 2)', 2));
-----------
0FFFFF212

SELECT ST_Relate( 'LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)',
                  'LINESTRING(5 6, 7 8)' );
-----------
FF1FF0102
</programlisting>

<para>Using different Boundary Node Rules to compute the spatial relationship
between a LineString and a MultiLineString with a duplicate endpoint <code>(3 3)</code>:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
    <listitem><para>Using the <emphasis role="bold">OGC-Mod2</emphasis> rule (1)
        the duplicate endpoint is in the <emphasis role="bold">interior</emphasis> of the MultiLineString,
        so the DE-9IM matrix entry [aB:bI] is <code>0</code> and [aB:bB] is <code>F</code>.
    </para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Using the <emphasis role="bold">Endpoint</emphasis> rule (2)
        the duplicate endpoint is in the <emphasis role="bold">boundary</emphasis> of the MultiLineString,
        so the DE-9IM matrix entry [aB:bI] is <code>F</code> and [aB:bB] is <code>0</code>.
    </para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
    <programlisting>
WITH data AS (SELECT
  'LINESTRING(1 1, 3 3)'::geometry AS a_line,
  'MULTILINESTRING((3 3, 3 5), (3 3, 5 3))':: geometry AS b_multiline
)
SELECT ST_Relate( a_line, b_multiline, 1) AS bnr_mod2,
       ST_Relate( a_line, b_multiline, 2) AS bnr_endpoint
    FROM data;

 bnr_mod2  | bnr_endpoint
-----------+--------------
 FF10F0102 | FF1F00102
</programlisting>


  </refsection>

  <!-- Optionally add a "See Also" section -->
  <refsection>
    <title>See Also</title>

    <para>
            <xref linkend="eval_spatial_rel"/>, <xref linkend="ST_RelateMatch"/>,
            <xref linkend="ST_Contains"/>, <xref linkend="ST_ContainsProperly"/>,
            <xref linkend="ST_Covers"/>, <xref linkend="ST_CoveredBy"/>,
            <xref linkend="ST_Crosses"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Disjoint"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Equals"/>,
            <xref linkend="ST_Intersects"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Overlaps"/>,
            <xref linkend="ST_Touches"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Within"/>
        </para>
  </refsection>
</refentry>

<refentry xml:id="ST_RelateMatch">
  <refnamediv>
    <refname>ST_RelateMatch</refname>

    <refpurpose>Tests if a DE-9IM Intersection Matrix matches an Intersection Matrix pattern
        </refpurpose>
  </refnamediv>

  <refsynopsisdiv>
    <funcsynopsis>
      <funcprototype>
      <funcdef>boolean <function>ST_RelateMatch</function></funcdef>
      <paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>intersectionMatrix</parameter></paramdef>
      <paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>intersectionMatrixPattern</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
    </funcsynopsis>
  </refsynopsisdiv>

  <refsection>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para>
        Tests if a <link xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DE-9IM">Dimensionally Extended 9-Intersection Model</link> (DE-9IM)
        <varname>intersectionMatrix</varname> value satisfies
    an <varname>intersectionMatrixPattern</varname>.
        Intersection matrix values can be computed by <xref linkend="ST_Relate"/>.
        </para>
        <para>
        For more information refer to <xref linkend="eval_spatial_rel"/>.
        </para>
    <para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>

    <para role="availability" conformance="2.0.0">Availability: 2.0.0</para>
  </refsection>


  <refsection>
    <title>Examples</title>
    <programlisting>
SELECT ST_RelateMatch('101202FFF', 'TTTTTTFFF') ;
-- result --
t
</programlisting>
    <para>Patterns for common spatial relationships
matched against intersection matrix values,
for a line in various positions relative to a polygon</para>
    <programlisting>
SELECT pat.name AS relationship, pat.val AS pattern,
       mat.name AS position, mat.val AS matrix,
       ST_RelateMatch(mat.val, pat.val) AS match
    FROM (VALUES ( 'Equality', 'T1FF1FFF1' ),
                 ( 'Overlaps', 'T*T***T**' ),
                 ( 'Within',   'T*F**F***' ),
                 ( 'Disjoint', 'FF*FF****' )) AS pat(name,val)
    CROSS JOIN
        (VALUES  ('non-intersecting', 'FF1FF0212'),
                 ('overlapping',      '1010F0212'),
                 ('inside',           '1FF0FF212')) AS mat(name,val);

 relationship |  pattern  |     position     |  matrix   | match
--------------+-----------+------------------+-----------+-------
 Equality     | T1FF1FFF1 | non-intersecting | FF1FF0212 | f
 Equality     | T1FF1FFF1 | overlapping      | 1010F0212 | f
 Equality     | T1FF1FFF1 | inside           | 1FF0FF212 | f
 Overlaps     | T*T***T** | non-intersecting | FF1FF0212 | f
 Overlaps     | T*T***T** | overlapping      | 1010F0212 | t
 Overlaps     | T*T***T** | inside           | 1FF0FF212 | f
 Within       | T*F**F*** | non-intersecting | FF1FF0212 | f
 Within       | T*F**F*** | overlapping      | 1010F0212 | f
 Within       | T*F**F*** | inside           | 1FF0FF212 | t
 Disjoint     | FF*FF**** | non-intersecting | FF1FF0212 | t
 Disjoint     | FF*FF**** | overlapping      | 1010F0212 | f
 Disjoint     | FF*FF**** | inside           | 1FF0FF212 | f
</programlisting>
  </refsection>

  <!-- Optionally add a "See Also" section -->
  <refsection>
    <title>See Also</title>
    <para><xref linkend="eval_spatial_rel"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Relate"/></para>
  </refsection>
</refentry>

  <refentry xml:id="ST_Touches">
    <refnamediv>
    <refname>ST_Touches</refname>

    <refpurpose>Tests if two geometries have at least one point in common,
    but their interiors do not intersect</refpurpose>
    </refnamediv>

    <refsynopsisdiv>
    <funcsynopsis>
      <funcprototype>
      <funcdef>boolean <function>ST_Touches</function></funcdef>

      <paramdef><type>geometry </type>
      <parameter>A</parameter></paramdef>

      <paramdef><type>geometry </type>
      <parameter>B</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
    </funcsynopsis>
    </refsynopsisdiv>

    <refsection>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para>Returns <varname>TRUE</varname> if A and B intersect,
    but their interiors do not intersect.  Equivalently, A and B have at least one point in common,
    and the common points lie in at least one boundary.
    For Point/Point inputs the relationship is always <varname>FALSE</varname>,
    since points do not have a boundary.</para>

    <para>In mathematical terms:
    <emphasis>ST_Touches(A, B) ⇔ (Int(A) ⋂ Int(B) = ∅) ∧ (A ⋂ B ≠ ∅) </emphasis></para>

    <para>This relationship holds if the DE-9IM Intersection Matrix for the two geometries matches one of:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
      <para><markup>FT*******</markup></para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
      <para><markup>F**T*****</markup></para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
      <para><markup>F***T****</markup></para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <note><para>&index_aware;
        To avoid using an index, use <function>_ST_Touches</function> instead.</para>
    </note>

    <important>
      <para role="enhanced" conformance="3.0.0">Enhanced: 3.0.0 enabled support for <varname>GEOMETRYCOLLECTION</varname></para>
    </important>

    <para>&sfs_compliant; s2.1.1.2 // s2.1.13.3</para>
    <para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 5.1.28</para>
    </refsection>

    <refsection>
    <title>Examples</title>

    <para>The <function>ST_Touches</function> predicate returns <varname>TRUE</varname> in the following examples.</para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
      <tbody>
        <row>
        <entry><para><informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_touches01.png"/>
            </imageobject>

            <caption><para><varname>POLYGON</varname> / <varname>POLYGON</varname></para></caption>
          </mediaobject>
          </informalfigure></para></entry>

        <entry><para><informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_touches02.png"/>
            </imageobject>

            <caption><para><varname>POLYGON</varname> / <varname>POLYGON</varname></para></caption>
          </mediaobject>
          </informalfigure></para></entry>

        <entry><para><informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_touches03.png"/>
            </imageobject>

            <caption><para><varname>POLYGON</varname> / <varname>LINESTRING</varname></para></caption>
          </mediaobject>
          </informalfigure></para></entry>
        </row>
        <row>
        <entry><para><informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_touches04.png"/>
            </imageobject>

            <caption><para><varname>LINESTRING</varname> / <varname>LINESTRING</varname></para></caption>
          </mediaobject>
          </informalfigure></para></entry>

        <entry><para><informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_touches05.png"/>
            </imageobject>

            <caption><para><varname>LINESTRING</varname> / <varname>LINESTRING</varname></para></caption>
          </mediaobject>
          </informalfigure></para></entry>

        <entry><para><informalfigure>
          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="images/st_touches06.png"/>
            </imageobject>

            <caption><para><varname>POLYGON</varname> / <varname>POINT</varname></para></caption>
          </mediaobject>
          </informalfigure></para></entry>
        </row>
      </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>

    <programlisting>SELECT ST_Touches('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 0 2)'::geometry, 'POINT(1 1)'::geometry);
 st_touches
------------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT ST_Touches('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 0 2)'::geometry, 'POINT(0 2)'::geometry);
 st_touches
------------
 t
(1 row)</programlisting>
    </refsection>
  </refentry>

  <refentry xml:id="ST_Within">
    <refnamediv>
    <refname>ST_Within</refname>

    <refpurpose>Tests if every point of A lies in B, and their interiors have a point in common</refpurpose>
    </refnamediv>

    <refsynopsisdiv>
    <funcsynopsis>
      <funcprototype>
      <funcdef>boolean <function>ST_Within</function></funcdef>

      <paramdef><type>geometry </type>
      <parameter>A</parameter></paramdef>

      <paramdef><type>geometry </type>
      <parameter>B</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
    </funcsynopsis>
    </refsynopsisdiv>

    <refsection>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para>Returns TRUE if geometry A is within geometry B.
    A is within B if and only if all points of A lie inside (i.e. in the interior or boundary of) B
    (or equivalently, no points of A lie in the exterior of B),
    and the interiors of A and B have at least one point in common.
    </para>
    <para>For this function to make
    sense, the source geometries must both be of the same coordinate projection,
    having the same SRID.
    </para>

    <para>In mathematical terms:
    <emphasis>ST_Within(A, B) ⇔ (A ⋂ B = A) ∧ (Int(A) ⋂ Int(B) ≠ ∅) </emphasis></para>

    <para>The within relation is reflexive: every geometry is within itself.
    The relation is antisymmetric: if <code>ST_Within(A,B) = true</code> and <code>ST_Within(B,A) = true</code>, then
    the two geometries must be topologically equal (<code>ST_Equals(A,B) = true</code>).</para>

    <para>ST_Within is the converse of <xref linkend="ST_Contains"/>.
    So, <code>ST_Within(A,B) = ST_Contains(B,A)</code>.</para>

    <note><para>Because the interiors must have a common point, a subtlety of the definition is that
    lines and points lying fully in the boundary of polygons or lines are <emphasis>not</emphasis> within the geometry.
    For further details see <link xlink:href="http://lin-ear-th-inking.blogspot.com/2007/06/subtleties-of-ogc-covers-spatial.html">Subtleties of OGC Covers, Contains, Within</link>.
    The <xref linkend="ST_CoveredBy"/> predicate provides a more inclusive relationship.
    </para></note>

    <note><para>&index_aware;
        To avoid index use, use the function <function>_ST_Within</function>.</para></note>

    <para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>

    <para role="enhanced" conformance="2.3.0">Enhanced: 2.3.0 Enhancement to PIP short-circuit for geometry extended to support MultiPoints with few points. Prior versions only supported point in polygon.</para>

    <important>
      <para role="enhanced" conformance="3.0.0">Enhanced: 3.0.0 enabled support for <varname>GEOMETRYCOLLECTION</varname></para>
    </important>

    <important>
      <para>Do not use this function with invalid geometries. You will get unexpected results.</para>
    </important>

    <para>NOTE: this is the "allowable" version that returns a
      boolean, not an integer.</para>

    <para>&sfs_compliant; s2.1.1.2 // s2.1.13.3
      - a.Relate(b, 'T*F**F***')
    </para>
    <para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 5.1.30</para>
    </refsection>

    <refsection>
    <title>Examples</title>
      <programlisting>
--a circle within a circle
SELECT ST_Within(smallc,smallc) As smallinsmall,
  ST_Within(smallc, bigc) As smallinbig,
  ST_Within(bigc,smallc) As biginsmall,
  ST_Within(ST_Union(smallc, bigc), bigc) as unioninbig,
  ST_Within(bigc, ST_Union(smallc, bigc)) as biginunion,
  ST_Equals(bigc, ST_Union(smallc, bigc)) as bigisunion
FROM
(
SELECT ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(50 50)'), 20) As smallc,
  ST_Buffer(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(50 50)'), 40) As bigc) As foo;
--Result
 smallinsmall | smallinbig | biginsmall | unioninbig | biginunion | bigisunion
--------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------
 t            | t          | f          | t          | t          | t
(1 row)
    </programlisting>

    <para><inlinemediaobject>
    <imageobject>
      <imagedata fileref="images/st_within01.png"/>
    </imageobject>
    </inlinemediaobject> </para>
    </refsection>

    <refsection>
    <title>See Also</title>
    <para><xref linkend="ST_Contains"/>, <xref linkend="ST_CoveredBy"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Equals"/>, <xref linkend="ST_IsValid"/></para>
    </refsection>
  </refentry>

    </section>
  <!-- ==============================================================================  -->

    <section>
    <title>Distance Relationships</title>

  <refentry xml:id="ST_3DDWithin">
    <refnamediv>
    <refname>ST_3DDWithin</refname>

    <refpurpose>Tests if two 3D geometries are within a given 3D distance</refpurpose>
    </refnamediv>
    <refsynopsisdiv>
    <funcsynopsis>
      <funcprototype>
      <funcdef>boolean <function>ST_3DDWithin</function></funcdef>

      <paramdef><type>geometry </type>
      <parameter>g1</parameter></paramdef>

      <paramdef><type>geometry </type>
      <parameter>g2</parameter></paramdef>

      <paramdef><type>double precision </type>
      <parameter>distance_of_srid</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
    </funcsynopsis>
    </refsynopsisdiv>

    <refsection>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para>Returns true if the 3D distance between two geometry values is no larger than
        distance <varname>distance_of_srid</varname>.
        The distance is specified in units defined by the spatial reference system of the geometries.
        For this function to make sense
        the source geometries must be in the same coordinate system (have the same SRID).
        </para>

    <note><para>&index_aware;</para></note>

        <para>&Z_support;</para>
        <!-- Optionally mention supports Polyhedral Surface  -->
        <para>&P_support;</para>
    <para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM ?</para>

    <para role="availability" conformance="2.0.0">Availability: 2.0.0</para>
    </refsection>

    <refsection>
    <title>Examples</title>

    <programlisting>
-- Geometry example - units in meters (SRID: 2163 US National Atlas Equal area) (3D point and line compared 2D point and line)
-- Note: currently no vertical datum support so Z is not transformed and assumed to be same units as final.
SELECT ST_3DDWithin(
      ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521 4)'),2163),
      ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45 15, -72.123 42.1546 20)'),2163),
      126.8
    ) As within_dist_3d,
ST_DWithin(
      ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;POINT(-72.1235 42.3521 4)'),2163),
      ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-72.1260 42.45 15, -72.123 42.1546 20)'),2163),
      126.8
    ) As within_dist_2d;

 within_dist_3d | within_dist_2d
----------------+----------------
 f              | t
</programlisting>
    </refsection>

    <refsection>
    <title>See Also</title>

    <para>
        <xref linkend="ST_3DDFullyWithin"/>,
        <xref linkend="ST_DWithin"/>, <xref linkend="ST_DFullyWithin"/>,
        <xref linkend="ST_3DDistance"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Distance"/>,
        <xref linkend="ST_3DMaxDistance"/>, <xref linkend="ST_Transform"/></para>
    </refsection>
  </refentry>

    <refentry xml:id="ST_3DDFullyWithin">
    <refnamediv>
    <refname>ST_3DDFullyWithin</refname>

    <refpurpose>Tests if two 3D geometries are entirely within a given 3D distance</refpurpose>
    </refnamediv>

    <refsynopsisdiv>
    <funcsynopsis>
      <funcprototype>
      <funcdef>boolean <function>ST_3DDFullyWithin</function></funcdef>

      <paramdef><type>geometry </type>
      <parameter>g1</parameter></paramdef>

      <paramdef><type>geometry </type>
      <parameter>g2</parameter></paramdef>

      <paramdef><type>double precision </type>
      <parameter>distance</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
    </funcsynopsis>
    </refsynopsisdiv>

    <refsection>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para>Returns true if the 3D geometries are fully within the specified distance
    of one another. The distance is specified in units defined by the
    spatial reference system of the geometries.  For this function to make
    sense, the source geometries must both be of the same coordinate projection,
    having the same SRID.</para>

    <note><para>&index_aware;</para></note>

    <para role="availability" conformance="2.0.0">Availability: 2.0.0</para>
        <para>&Z_support;</para>
        <!-- Optionally mention supports Polyhedral Surface  -->
        <para>&P_support;</para>

    </refsection>

    <refsection>
    <title>Examples</title>
    <programlisting>
    -- This compares the difference between fully within and distance within as well
    -- as the distance fully within for the 2D footprint of the line/point vs. the 3d fully within
    SELECT ST_3DDFullyWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 10) as D3DFullyWithin10, ST_3DDWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 10) as D3DWithin10,
  ST_DFullyWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 20) as D2DFullyWithin20,
  ST_3DDFullyWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 20) as D3DFullyWithin20 from
    (select ST_GeomFromEWKT('POINT(1 1 2)') as geom_a,
    ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(1 5 2, 2 7 20, 1 9 100, 14 12 3)') as geom_b) t1;
 d3dfullywithin10 | d3dwithin10 | d2dfullywithin20 | d3dfullywithin20
------------------+-------------+------------------+------------------
 f                | t           | t                | f </programlisting>
    </refsection>

    <refsection>
    <title>See Also</title>

    <para><xref linkend="ST_3DDWithin"/>,
        <xref linkend="ST_DWithin"/>, <xref linkend="ST_DFullyWithin"/>,
        <xref linkend="ST_3DMaxDistance"/></para>
    </refsection>
  </refentry>

  <refentry xml:id="ST_DFullyWithin">
    <refnamediv>
    <refname>ST_DFullyWithin</refname>

    <refpurpose>Tests if a geometry is entirely inside a distance of another</refpurpose>
    </refnamediv>

    <refsynopsisdiv>
    <funcsynopsis>
      <funcprototype>
      <funcdef>boolean <function>ST_DFullyWithin</function></funcdef>

      <paramdef><type>geometry </type>
      <parameter>g1</parameter></paramdef>

      <paramdef><type>geometry </type>
      <parameter>g2</parameter></paramdef>

      <paramdef><type>double precision </type>
      <parameter>distance</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
    </funcsynopsis>
    </refsynopsisdiv>

    <refsection>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para>Returns true if <code>g2</code> is entirely within
    <code>distance</code> of <code>g1</code>. Visually, the
    condition is true if <code>g2</code> is contained within
    a <code>distance</code> buffer of <code>g1</code>.
    The distance is specified in units defined by the
    spatial reference system of the geometries.</para>

    <note><para>&index_aware;</para></note>

    <para role="availability" conformance="1.5.0">Availability: 1.5.0</para>
    <para role="changed" conformance="3.5.0">Changed: 3.5.0 : the logic behind the function now uses a test of containment within a buffer, rather than the ST_MaxDistance algorithm. Results will differ from prior versions, but should be closer to user expectations.</para>
    </refsection>

    <refsection>
    <title>Examples</title>
    <programlisting>SELECT
    ST_DFullyWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 10) AS DFullyWithin10,
    ST_DWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 10) AS DWithin10,
    ST_DFullyWithin(geom_a, geom_b, 20) AS DFullyWithin20
FROM (VALUES
    ('POINT(1 1)', 'LINESTRING(1 5, 2 7, 1 9, 14 12)')
    ) AS v(geom_a, geom_b)

 dfullywithin10 | dwithin10 | dfullywithin20
----------------+-----------+----------------
 f              | t         | t
</programlisting>
    </refsection>

    <refsection>
    <title>See Also</title>

    <para><xref linkend="ST_MaxDistance"/>,
        <xref linkend="ST_DWithin"/>, <xref linkend="ST_3DDWithin"/>, <xref linkend="ST_3DDFullyWithin"/></para>
    </refsection>
  </refentry>

  <refentry xml:id="ST_DWithin">
    <refnamediv>
    <refname>ST_DWithin</refname>

    <refpurpose>Tests if two geometries are within a given distance</refpurpose>
    </refnamediv>

    <refsynopsisdiv>
    <funcsynopsis>
      <funcprototype>
        <funcdef>boolean <function>ST_DWithin</function></funcdef>
        <paramdef><type>geometry </type>
        <parameter>g1</parameter></paramdef>

        <paramdef><type>geometry </type>
        <parameter>g2</parameter></paramdef>

        <paramdef><type>double precision </type>
        <parameter>distance_of_srid</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>

      <funcprototype>
        <funcdef>boolean <function>ST_DWithin</function></funcdef>
        <paramdef><type>geography </type>
        <parameter>gg1</parameter></paramdef>

        <paramdef><type>geography </type>
        <parameter>gg2</parameter></paramdef>

        <paramdef><type>double precision </type>
        <parameter>distance_meters</parameter></paramdef>

        <paramdef choice="opt"><type>boolean </type>
        <parameter>use_spheroid = true</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
    </funcsynopsis>
    </refsynopsisdiv>

    <refsection>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para>Returns true if the geometries are within a given distance</para>

    <para>For <type>geometry</type>: The distance is specified in units defined by the
    spatial reference system of the geometries.  For this function to make
    sense, the source geometries must be in the same coordinate system
    (have the same SRID).</para>

    <para>For <type>geography</type>: units are in meters and distance measurement
    defaults to <varname>use_spheroid = true</varname>.
    For faster evaluation use <varname>use_spheroid = false</varname> to measure on the sphere.
    </para>

    <note><para>Use <xref linkend="ST_3DDWithin"/> for 3D geometries.</para></note>

    <note>
      <para>This function call includes a bounding box
      comparison that makes use of any indexes that are available on
      the geometries.</para>
    </note>

    <para>&sfs_compliant;</para>
    <para role="availability" conformance="1.5.0">Availability: 1.5.0 support for geography was introduced</para>
    <para role="enhanced" conformance="2.1.0">Enhanced: 2.1.0 improved speed for geography. See <link xlink:href="http://blog.opengeo.org/2012/07/12/making-geography-faster/">Making Geography faster</link> for details.</para>
    <para role="enhanced" conformance="2.1.0">Enhanced: 2.1.0 support for curved geometries was introduced.</para>

        <para>Prior to 1.3, <xref linkend="ST_Expand"/> was commonly used in conjunction with &amp;&amp; and ST_Distance to
        test for distance, and in pre-1.3.4 this function used that logic.
        From 1.3.4, ST_DWithin uses a faster short-circuit distance function.</para>

    </refsection>

    <refsection>
    <title>Examples</title>
      <programlisting>
-- Find the nearest hospital to each school
-- that is within 3000 units of the school.
--  We do an ST_DWithin search to utilize indexes to limit our search list
--  that the non-indexable ST_Distance needs to process
-- If the units of the spatial reference is meters then units would be meters
SELECT DISTINCT ON (s.gid) s.gid, s.school_name, s.geom, h.hospital_name
  FROM schools s
    LEFT JOIN hospitals h ON ST_DWithin(s.geom, h.geom, 3000)
  ORDER BY s.gid, ST_Distance(s.geom, h.geom);

-- The schools with no close hospitals
-- Find all schools with no hospital within 3000 units
-- away from the school.  Units is in units of spatial ref (e.g. meters, feet, degrees)
SELECT s.gid, s.school_name
  FROM schools s
    LEFT JOIN hospitals h ON ST_DWithin(s.geom, h.geom, 3000)
  WHERE h.gid IS NULL;

-- Find broadcasting towers that receiver with limited range can receive.
-- Data is geometry in Spherical Mercator (SRID=3857), ranges are approximate.

-- Create geometry index that will check proximity limit of user to tower
CREATE INDEX ON broadcasting_towers using gist (geom);

-- Create geometry index that will check proximity limit of tower to user
CREATE INDEX ON broadcasting_towers using gist (ST_Expand(geom, sending_range));

-- Query towers that 4-kilometer receiver in Minsk Hackerspace can get
-- Note: two conditions, because shorter LEAST(b.sending_range, 4000) will not use index.
SELECT b.tower_id, b.geom
  FROM broadcasting_towers b
  WHERE ST_DWithin(b.geom, 'SRID=3857;POINT(3072163.4 7159374.1)', 4000)
    AND ST_DWithin(b.geom, 'SRID=3857;POINT(3072163.4 7159374.1)', b.sending_range);

        </programlisting>
    </refsection>

    <refsection>
    <title>See Also</title>

    <para><xref linkend="ST_Distance"/>, <xref linkend="ST_3DDWithin"/></para>
    </refsection>
  </refentry>

  <refentry xml:id="ST_PointInsideCircle">
    <refnamediv>
    <refname>ST_PointInsideCircle</refname>

    <refpurpose>Tests if a point geometry is inside a circle defined by a center and radius</refpurpose>
    </refnamediv>

    <refsynopsisdiv>
    <funcsynopsis>
      <funcprototype>
      <funcdef>boolean <function>ST_PointInsideCircle</function></funcdef>
      <paramdef><type>geometry </type> <parameter>a_point</parameter></paramdef>
      <paramdef><type>float </type> <parameter>center_x</parameter></paramdef>
      <paramdef><type>float </type> <parameter>center_y</parameter></paramdef>
      <paramdef><type>float </type> <parameter>radius</parameter></paramdef>
      </funcprototype>
    </funcsynopsis>
    </refsynopsisdiv>

    <refsection>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para>Returns true if the geometry is a point and is inside the
      circle with center <varname>center_x</varname>,<varname>center_y</varname>
            and radius <varname>radius</varname>.
        </para>
    <warning><para>Does not use spatial indexes. Use <xref linkend="ST_DWithin"/> instead.</para></warning>

    <para role="availability" conformance="1.2">Availability: 1.2</para>
    <para role="changed" conformance="2.2.0">Changed: 2.2.0 In prior versions this was called ST_Point_Inside_Circle</para>
    </refsection>


    <refsection>
    <title>Examples</title>

    <programlisting>SELECT ST_PointInsideCircle(ST_Point(1,2), 0.5, 2, 3);
 st_pointinsidecircle
------------------------
 t
</programlisting>
    </refsection>

    <!-- Optionally add a "See Also" section -->
    <refsection>
    <title>See Also</title>

    <para><xref linkend="ST_DWithin"/></para>
    </refsection>
  </refentry>

    </section>

</section>
